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Florida Statute 90.901 - Full Text and Legal Analysis
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The 2025 Florida Statutes

Title VII
EVIDENCE
Chapter 90
EVIDENCE CODE
View Entire Chapter
90.901 Requirement of authentication or identification.Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. The requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.
History.s. 1, ch. 76-237; s. 1, ch. 77-77; s. 22, ch. 78-361; s. 1, ch. 78-379.

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Amendments to 90.901


Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases Citing Statute 90.901

Total Results: 85  |  Sort by: Relevance  |  Newest First

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Johnson v. State, 660 So. 2d 637 (Fla. 1995).

Cited 90 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 1995 WL 410691

...oblems he had over many years, including suicide attempts and treatment by medication. The record, however, indicates that Johnson's counsel attempted to introduce these records without authenticating them, which is required under the evidence code. § 90.901-902, Fla....
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Johnson v. State, 660 So. 2d 648 (Fla. 1995).

Cited 61 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 1995 WL 410693

...s he had over many years, including suicide attempts and treatment by medication. *663 The record, however, indicates that Johnson's counsel attempted to introduce these records without authenticating them, which is required under the evidence code. § 90.901-902, Fla....
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Coday v. State, 946 So. 2d 988 (Fla. 2006).

Cited 51 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 2006 WL 3028248

...Admission of Coday's Signed, Written Confession into Evidence Coday objected to the introduction of his signed, written confession on the ground *1000 that the State had not laid the foundation that it was authentic. The trial court overruled the objection and admitted the document. Coday asserts that this was error under section 90.901, Florida Statutes (1997), which requires authentication of a document as a condition precedent to its admissibility. While section 90.901 requires the authentication or identification of a document prior to its admission into evidence, the requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the document in question is what its proponent claims. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Justus v. State, 438 So. 2d 358 (Fla. 1983).

Cited 46 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida

...into evidence be authenticated. Here the tape recording was authenticated and was therefore properly admitted. The laying of the predicate requires "evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims." § 90.901, Fla....
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Oquendo v. State, 2 So. 3d 1001 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008).

Cited 14 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2008 Fla. App. LEXIS 17849, 2008 WL 4998785

...vidence that the tape, or the agreement memorialized *1005 therein, was incorporated as part of the plea agreement. Further, absent a stipulation, the tape must be authenticated as a true representation of Oquendo's substantial assistance agreement. § 90.901, Fla....
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Garcia v. State, 564 So. 2d 124 (Fla. 1990).

Cited 13 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 1990 WL 82926

...§§ 90.401-.402, Fla. Stat. (1981). Relevancy is a broad, malleable concept that may involve many different inquiries to determine whether evidence tends to prove or disprove a material fact. One such inquiry is authenticity. See, e.g., 6C Fla. Stat. Ann. § 90.901 p....
...He only determines whether prima facie evidence of its genuineness exists. Once the matter has been admitted the opposing party may challenge its genuineness. The jury then determines as a matter of fact whether the proffered evidence is genuine. Ehrhardt, supra, § 901.1, at 570-71. See also, e.g., 6C Fla. Stat. Ann. § 90.901, at 376-81 (West 1979) (Law Revision Council Note — 1976); McCormick, supra, § 227; VII Wigmore on Evidence § 2128 (J....
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Gosciminski v. State, 132 So. 3d 678 (Fla. 2013).

Cited 12 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 38 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 638, 2013 WL 5313183, 2013 Fla. LEXIS 1988

...e-stamped at 9:19 a.m. However, the receipt was missing the register number, cashier number, and the transaction number. The defense argued that this receipt should not be admitted because it had not been authenticated by a Walgreens representative. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2009), requires the authentication or identification of a document prior to its admission into evidence. However, the requirements of section 90.901 “are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Daniels v. State, 634 So. 2d 187 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994).

Cited 10 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 1994 WL 81637

...ordings of telephone conversations between Reed, Daniels and Rogers where the tapes were not properly authenticated and were inaudible. We disagree. Authentication is necessary to establish that "the matter in question is what its proponent claims." § 90.901, Fla....
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Symonette v. State, 100 So. 3d 180 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012).

Cited 9 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2012 Fla. App. LEXIS 18502, 2012 WL 5232218

...The State responds there was no error in admitting the images because they were satisfactorily authenticated, relevant, and not hearsay. We review trial court decisions on the admission of evidence for an abuse of discretion. Cooper v. State, 45 So.3d 490, 492 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010). Section 90.901 addresses the authentication of evidence. It provides, “Authentication ... of evidence ... [is] satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Eliakim v. State, 884 So. 2d 57 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004).

Cited 9 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2004 WL 432488

...emological prescriptions in the search for reliable and trustworthy knowledge. See, e.g., § 90.402 ("All relevant evidence is admissible, except as provided by law."); § 90.802 (except as provided by statute hearsay is categorically inadmissible); § 90.901 (authentication or identification required)....
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Loren v. State, 518 So. 2d 342 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987).

Cited 9 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 1987 WL 3200

...We conclude that the objections concerning discrepancies in the transcript used are properly viewed as matters bearing on the issue of authentication. Here, although the transcript was not admitted as evidence, the authentication of the transcript conformed to the rule for authentication for use as evidence, section 90.901, Florida Evidence Code, and an abuse of discretion by the trial judge in denying objections to use of the transcript based upon alleged inaccuracies or discrepancies has not been demonstrated. Cf., Justus v. State, 438 So.2d 358, 365 (Fla. 1983) (under evidence code, section 90.901, Florida Statutes (1981), the trial judge must evaluate each instance on its own merits, there being no specific list of requirements for such determination, and unless "clearly erroneous," the trial court's determination of matters relating to authenticity must stand); Allen v....
...ead a transcript of a videotaped conversation. In this case, I am convinced this was harmless error. I adhere to my opinion in Taylor v. State, 508 So.2d 1265 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987), and suggest that the majority has further misapplied and misconstrued section 90.901, Florida Statutes (1983)....
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Amos v. Gartner, Inc., 17 So. 3d 829 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009).

Cited 9 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 2009 Fla. App. LEXIS 12742, 2009 WL 2602304

...' compensation law, excepts workers' compensation hearings from the rules of evidence. See Martin Marietta Corp. v. Roop, 566 So.2d 40, 42 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990). Authentication of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. See § 90.901, Fla....
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State v. Love, 691 So. 2d 620 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997).

Cited 8 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 1997 WL 185886

...fendant's child, who was referred to in the letter by a nickname. Lynn testified that he did not know any of the three co-defendants prior to their incarceration. Based upon this evidence, the trial court ruled that the letter could not be admitted. Section 90.901 of the Florida Statutes (1995) [1] requires authentication or identification of evidence as a condition precedent to its admission as evidence....
...nt, or someone acting as his scribe, penned the letter. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's suppression order and remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings. REVERSED and REMANDED. DAUKSCH and GRIFFIN, JJ., concur. NOTES [1] 90.901 Requirement of authentication or identification....
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Louis v. State, 647 So. 2d 324 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994).

Cited 7 times | Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal | 1994 WL 706157

...Although they contained certificates similar to the one set out above, they were not signed by the judge. The fingerprint cards were not, therefore, admissible under section 921.241(3). The state presented no evidence about how the fingerprints were obtained to *326 establish that the prints on the cards were Louis's. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (1991), requires authentication of evidence as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
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Vilsaint v. State, 127 So. 3d 647 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013).

Cited 6 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2013 WL 6083408, 2013 Fla. App. LEXIS 18404

...The admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court, subject to the rules of evidence, and will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of that discretion. See Vargas v. State, 101 So.3d 1269, 1270 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012); Jackson v. State, 979 So.2d 1153, 1154 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008). Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2010), addresses authentication and provides that it is a condition precedent to admissibility....
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Arkheem J. Lamb v. State of Florida, 246 So. 3d 400 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018).

Cited 6 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal

...2016). “Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. The requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Jackson v. State, 979 So. 2d 1153 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008).

Cited 6 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 2008 WL 1752218

...State, 900 So.2d 495, 514 (Fla.2005); Ray v. State, 755 So.2d 604, 610 (Fla.2000); Huff v. State, 569 So.2d 1247, 1248 (Fla.1990), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1082, 121 S.Ct. 785, 148 L.Ed.2d 681 (2001); Curry v. State, 839 So.2d 887, 888 (Fla. 3d DCA 2003). Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2006), requires as a condition precedent to admissibility that evidence be identified or authenticated....
...1970, 72 L.Ed.2d 440 (1982). See also Henry v. State, 629 So.2d 1058, 1059 (Fla. 5th DCA 1993); Harris v. State, 619 So.2d 340, 342 (Fla. 1st DCA 1993). In the present case there are numerous indicators of the authenticity of the tape for purposes of section 90.901....
...ngly affirm. There was ample evidence of the authenticity of the tape, and there was simply nothing peculiar about the order in which the tape was admitted. We note in passing that even if the tape had not been properly authenticated for purposes of section 90.901, the error would have been harmless, given the overwhelming amount of evidence in support of the State's case....
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Jacksonville Elec. Author. v. Dept. of Rev., 486 So. 2d 1350 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986).

Cited 5 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal

...acter of legislative proceedings and require close scrutiny by the factfinder under chapter 90, Florida Statutes. [10] Public records and reports are admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule, section 90.803(8), provided they are authenticated, section 90.901, by a custodian, sections 90.902(4) and 90.955....
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Khadafy Kareem Mullens v. State of Florida, 197 So. 3d 16 (Fla. 2016).

Cited 5 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 41 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 279, 2016 Fla. LEXIS 1255, 2016 WL 3348429

...The standard required- to authenticate evidence first admitted during the penalty phase of a capital trial is a novel issue for this Court. Generally, the proponent of photographic or videographic evidence bears the burden of establishing that the evidence is a fair and accurate representation of the events depicted. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Hernandez v. State, 919 So. 2d 707 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006).

Cited 5 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 2006 WL 247887

...and a man alleged to be Hernandez. Hernandez objected to the introduction of the tape, arguing that the State failed to offer any evidence tending to prove that his was the other voice heard on the tape allegedly discussing a drug transaction. Under section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2001), "[a]uthentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
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State v. Wells, 538 So. 2d 1292 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989).

Cited 5 times | Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal | 1989 WL 9750

...to operate it, that the equipment was working, and all that." Initially, we note that the predicate necessary to authenticate the videotape requires "evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims." § 90.901, Fla....
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Warwick Corp. v. Turetsky, 227 So. 3d 621 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017).

Cited 5 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2017 WL 3500336

...An outside document may be incorporated by reference into a contract. See BGT Grp., Inc. v. Tradewinds Engine Servs., LLC, 62 So.3d 1192, 1194 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011). This outside document must be authenticated, and authenticity is a question of fact. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Sikes v. Seaboard Coast Line R. Co., 487 So. 2d 1118 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986).

Cited 5 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 11 Fla. L. Weekly 855

...thhold such permits at its discretion, or, if such permit is issued, "to limit or prescribe conditions *1122 of operation of such vehicle or vehicles... ." The document in question was authenticated by the testimony of the Department's official (see section 90.901, Florida Statutes), and is not subject to the hearsay and other objections dealt with in our opinion on the prior appearance of this case, Sikes v....
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Zoda v. Hedden, 596 So. 2d 1225 (Fla. 2d DCA 1992).

Cited 5 times | Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal | 1992 WL 72008

is a condition precedent to its admissibility. § 90,901, Fla. Stat. (1989). Since Mr. Smith is not a custodian
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Mills v. Barker, 664 So. 2d 1054 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995).

Cited 4 times | Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal | 1995 WL 699125

...y, reverse and remand for further proceedings. See Department of Health & Rehabilitative Servs. v. Thibodeaux, 547 So.2d 1243 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989). Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. § 90.901, Fla. Stat. (1993). In this case, Mr. Mills had the option of authenticating the modification agreement by either using extrinsic evidence sufficient to support a finding that the agreement met the requirements of section 90.901 or by showing that the agreement met the self-authenticating requirements of section 90.902, Florida Statutes (1993)....
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Hutchinson v. State, 580 So. 2d 257 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991).

Cited 4 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 1991 WL 75548

...the money that evening which enabled him to identify it as the same he had delivered to Hutchinson. We conclude that this predicate was insufficient to support the admissibility of the photocopy under the relevant provisions of the evidence code. §§ 90.901, 90.952, 90.953, and 90.954, Florida Statutes (1989)....
...that the court erred in receiving the photocopy in evidence over the defendant' objection. However, I would not rely upon the best evidence rule. Instead, I would rely upon the more basic deficiency of a lack of identification or authentication. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Allen v. State, 492 So. 2d 802 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986).

Cited 4 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 11 Fla. L. Weekly 1753

...rida Statutes (1981), if the tape itself (as the best evidence, section 90.952, Florida Statutes (1981)) was lost or destroyed, the transcript in this case was not admissible because its authenticity was never established as required under the code, section 90.901....
...ese insertions appear, that the accuracy of the transcript was not materially affected. The test for authentication under the code is whether the evidence is "sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims." § 90.901, Fla....
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Lopez v. State, 97 So. 3d 301 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012).

Cited 3 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2012 WL 3964743, 2012 Fla. App. LEXIS 15310

...cretion standard of review, as limited by the rules of evidence. See Johnson v. State, 40 So.3d 883, 886 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010). Here the trial court acted well within its discretion. Evidence must be authenticated prior to its admission into evidence. § 90.901, Fla....
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Third Fed. Sav. & Loan Associaiton of Cleveland v. Leah G. Koulouvaris a/ k/ a Leah Koulouvaris, 247 So. 3d 652 (Fla. 2d DCA 2018).

Cited 3 times | Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal

...The trial court agreed and dismissed the case. -2- Analysis Florida law requires the authentication of a document prior to its admission into evidence. See § 90.901, Fla....
...2d DCA 2013) (holding that unauthenticated default letters from lender could not be considered in mortgage foreclosure summary judgment). Proffered evidence is authenticated when its proponent introduces sufficient evidence "to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims." § 90.901; Coday v. State, 946 So. 2d 988, 1000 (Fla. 2006) ("While section 90.901 requires the authentication or identification of a document prior to its admission into evidence, the requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the document in question is what its p...
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Casamassina v. US Life Ins. Co., 958 So. 2d 1093 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007).

Cited 3 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2007 WL 1753557

...There is no indication that the records at issue are not what they purport to be. See Mims v. Old Line Life Ins. Co. of Am., 46 F.Supp.2d 1251, 1260 (M.D.Fla.1999). "[A]uthentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility." § 90.901, Fla....
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Cirillo v. Davis, 732 So. 2d 387 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999).

Cited 3 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 1999 WL 140672

...sk her if she was the person shown in the tape. Plaintiffs' *388 objection, however, was not that she was not depicted, but rather that they were unable to cross-examine the person making the tape about what had been left out. The court admitted it. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (1997), requires evidence to be authenticated....
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Hidden Ridge Condo. Homeowners Ass'n v. Onewest Bank, N.A., 183 So. 3d 1266 (Fla. 5th DCA 2016).

Cited 3 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 2016 Fla. App. LEXIS 1152, 2016 WL 347321

...rt, at trial, at which time Hidden *1269 Ridge immediately objected based on the improper predicate for entry of the business record. . Appellant contests the “authentication” of the business records, a condition precedent to admissibility under section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2014)....
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EFK Collins Corp. v. SMMG, INC, 464 So. 2d 214 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985).

Cited 3 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 10 Fla. L. Weekly 500, 1985 Fla. App. LEXIS 12491

...It introduced a mere copy of the agreement. The agreement was not listed on appellee's pretrial catalogue of exhibits nor did appellee make any demand upon appellant to produce the original of the agreement. Since appellee did not comply with either section 90.901, (requirement of authentication or identification) or section 90.952 (requirement of originals), Florida Statutes (1981), the agreement should not have been allowed into evidence....
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ITT Real Est. Equities, Inc. v. Chandler Ins. Agency, Inc., 617 So. 2d 750 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993).

Cited 3 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 1993 Fla. App. LEXIS 4138, 1993 WL 113312

...The Florida Evidence Code provides the following: "Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. The requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims." § 90.901, Fla....
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Knight v. State, 20 So. 3d 451 (Fla. 5th DCA 2009).

Cited 2 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 2009 Fla. App. LEXIS 15926, 2009 WL 3398717

...Although we listed the proper operation of the recording device and proper manner of operation as two such facts, this aspect of our discussions was dicta. [1] The requirement of authenticity is "satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims." § 90.901, Fla....
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Bush v. State, 992 So. 2d 412 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008).

Cited 2 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2008 WL 4568047

...Brummer, Public Defender, and Howard K. Blumberg, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant. Bill McCollum, Attorney General, and Michael C. Greenberg, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee. Before COPE, SUAREZ, and LAGOA, JJ. PER CURIAM. Affirmed. § 90.901, Fla....
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Van Den Borre v. State, 596 So. 2d 687 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992).

Cited 2 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 1992 Fla. App. LEXIS 548, 1992 WL 12174

...." When the trial court found a prima facie showing of authenticity, the notes became evidence at the hearing. Id. Appellant could have presented evidence to controvert the authenticity of the notes. Id. However, he did not. We hold that the requirements of section 90.901 of the Florida Evidence Code were satisfied by evidence sufficient to support the trial court's finding that the waiver note was what the state claimed — an official document of the Belgian Government....
...rom criminal prosecution is evidenced in the record by several photocopied diplomatic notes between the Belgian Embassy and the United States Department of State. However, since the diplomatic notes were neither properly authenticated as required by section 90.901, Florida Statutes (1989), nor were self-authenticating as defined in section 90.902, Florida Statutes (1989), the notes were inadmissible and do not constitute an effective express waiver by Belgium of Van Den Borre's immunity from criminal prosecution. Under section 90.901, evidence is authenticated when prima facie evidence is introduced to prove that the proffered evidence is that which the proponent of the evidence claims it to be. In the proceeding below, the state introduced no evidence which established the authenticity of the diplomatic notes. Thus, since section 90.901 requires that a document be authenticated as a condition precedent to its admissibility into evidence, the diplomatic notes were erroneously admitted in the instant case and cannot provide a basis for an express waiver by Belgium of Van Den Borre's immunity from criminal prosecution....
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Sunbelt Health Care v. Galva, 7 So. 3d 556 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009).

Cited 2 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 2009 Fla. App. LEXIS 1549, 2009 WL 485043

...as selecting Dr. Macksoud as her "second opinion." Evidence Supporting Claimant's Selection The requirements of the evidence code are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Buchanan v. State, 575 So. 2d 704 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991).

Cited 2 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 1991 WL 15559

...Giannelli, F. Gilligan & F. Lederer, Courtroom Criminal Evidence, § 401 (1987) [hereinafter Imwinkelried]. Before any writing may be admitted into evidence, its authenticity must be preliminarily proven. Yates v. Bass Ranch, 379 So.2d 710 (Fla. 4th DCA 1980); § 90.901, Fla. Stat. (1987). "The requirements of [authentication] are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims." § 90.901, Fla. Stat. (1987). Therefore, any writing offered in evidence should be accompanied by competent proof showing its genuineness. Mallory v. Edgar, 128 Fla. 812, 175 So. 863 (1937). In the instant case, the state argues that under section 90.901, Florida Statutes (1987), the letter is inadmissible because its genuineness was not proven....
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Hunt v. State, 746 So. 2d 559 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999).

Cited 2 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 1999 WL 1136648

...epicted on the video tape. See Loren v. State, 518 So.2d 342, 347 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987); Golden v. State, 429 So.2d 45, 50 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983). Mr. Hunt does not contest the accuracy of the transcript. See Hill v. State, 549 So.2d 179, 182 (Fla.1989). Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (1997) provides simply: Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
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State v. Hampton, 44 So. 3d 661 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal | 2010 Fla. App. LEXIS 14538, 2010 WL 3813183

...and that a field test indicated that it was cocaine. Id. The trial court below relied on L.R. to grant Mr. Hampton's posttrial motion for judgment of acquittal. The State then appealed. II. Chain of Custody as Preliminary Evidence of Identity under Section 90.901 We are not convinced that L.R....
...m the scene of the undercover operation. Mr. Hampton did not object or require the State to provide a better chain of custody. Both the issue in L.R. and the issue in this case, addressing the admissibility of an exhibit, are properly analyzed under section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2008). But the analysis is somewhat different. Section 90.901 provides: "Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
...that the undercover officer purchased in the transaction? Authenticity in this type of case may well require testimony from a qualified expert, [2] but the question of identity is normally answered by evidence establishing a chain of custody. Under section 90.901, evidence of a chain of custody is provided as preliminary or foundational evidence, as the "condition precedent" to the admissibility of an exhibit....
...Once a prima facie showing of authenticity is made, the evidence comes in, and the ultimate question of authenticity is for the jury. McCormick, Evidence § 227 (2nd Ed. 1972). The admission into evidence of a matter merely indicates initial sufficiency for presentation to the trier of fact. § 90.901, Fla....
...idence, "the court is of the opinion that the evidence is insufficient to warrant a conviction"). The dispositive question in this case is whether a defendant may also remain silent when the State is presenting preliminary evidence of identity under section 90.901 that is necessary to introduce evidence to establish the elements of the offense; or, stated in another manner, whether a defendant can waive his or her right to such preliminary evidence by allowing the State to introduce the evidence without a complete preliminary presentation....
...cumstances. See Brooks v. State, 762 So.2d 879, 892-94 (Fla.2000); Johnson v. State, 929 So.2d 4, 7 n. 1 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005); Sinclair v. State, 995 So.2d 552 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008). This too is an issue involving foundational or predicate evidence under section 90.901, but it is not the issue we address in this case....
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Jose Santana v. State of Florida, 191 So. 3d 946 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2016 Fla. App. LEXIS 7208, 2016 WL 2744998

...“Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. The requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla. Stat. (2014). With regards to the admission of audio recordings, “there [is] no specific list of requirements” to determine compliance with section 90.901....
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United Auto. Ins. Co. v. Est. of Levine ex rel. Howard, 87 So. 3d 782 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2011 Fla. App. LEXIS 4325, 2011 WL 1135518

...Also, threshold authentication of a bilateral contract such as the assignment can be accomplished by either party to the document. The personal representative’s testimony, as one of two signators, was “evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....
...te the instrument will be required. But courts have increasingly adopted a very practical approach, particularly where there is no indication that the records at issue are not what they purport to be.” Ramirez, Florida Evidence Manual, Second Ed., § 90.901.1 [b] at 9-9 (citing Mims v....
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D.D.B. v. State, 109 So. 3d 1184 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal | 2013 WL 1165144, 2013 Fla. App. LEXIS 4755

...on the phone, she did not see the child dial 911 and did not actually hear the call in progress. The officer could merely identify D.D.B.’s voice on the audio recording. We conclude that the court allowed the State to introduce the audio recording without sufficient authentication. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Acosta v. State, 3 So. 3d 1289 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2009 Fla. App. LEXIS 2363, 2009 WL 690643

PER CURIAM. Affirmed. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Pennsylvania Blue Shield v. Wolfe, 575 So. 2d 1361 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 1991 Fla. App. LEXIS 2101, 1991 WL 31819

...Olson, 468 So.2d 266 (Fla. 2d DCA), review denied, 482 So.2d 347 (Fla.1985); § 627.638, Fla.Stat. (1989). With regard to the specific evidentiary objections of the insurer, we conclude that the assignment of benefits form was properly authenticated. See § 90.901, Fla.Stat....
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Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Darragh, 95 So. 3d 897 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 2012 WL 2051075, 2012 Fla. App. LEXIS 9201

...ate them as such. See, e.g., Jacksonville Elec. Auth. v. Dep’t of Rev., 486 So.2d 1350, 1354 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986) (“Public records and reports are admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule, section 90.803(8), provided they are authenticated, section 90.901, by a custodian, sections 90.902(4) and 90.955.”); see also St....
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Paul Christopher Hildwin v. State of Florida, 141 So. 3d 1178 (Fla. 2014).

Cited 1 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 39 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 441, 2014 WL 2882689, 2014 Fla. LEXIS 2064

...We consider each of these reasons in turn. As to authentication, while authentication of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility, authentication is “satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Bank of New York Mellon v. Garcia, 254 So. 3d 565 (Fla. 3d DCA 2018).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

...A waiver of the benefit of any law intended for the advantage or protection of an obligor. 5 The requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla. Stat....
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Johnson v. State, 117 So. 3d 1238 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2013 WL 3455609, 2013 Fla. App. LEXIS 10982

...Simmons and it was properly admitted as a business record exception to the hearsay rule. Because the authentication and business record issues are intertwined and involve overlapping discussion we address them jointly below. Authentication is a condition precedent to the admission of evidence. § 90.901, Fla....
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Sunnyvale Mar. Co., Inc. v. Gomez, 546 So. 2d 6 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 1989 WL 6193

...on as the exclusive method of authentication. Self-authentication is, instead, merely a streamlined alternative to the more tedious authentication procedure; while documents must be authenticated to be admitted, they need not be self -authenticated. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (1987), provides that the authentication requirement is satisfied by evidence "sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims." Since traditional methods of authentication (e....
...Marietta Dodge, 692 F.2d 1335, 1338 (11th Cir.1982). See United States v. Perlmuter, 693 F.2d 1290, 1292 (9th Cir.1982). Lastly, we note that the trial judge's admission of the medical records did not conclusively establish their authenticity. The Law Revision Council Note to Section 90.901 points out that the "admission into evidence of a matter merely indicates initial sufficiency for presentation to the trier of fact....
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Lerner, Etc. v. Halegua, Etc., 154 So. 3d 445 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2014 Fla. App. LEXIS 20940, 2014 WL 7444583

...The still photographs allegedly depicting the condominium surveillance camera frames of Mr. Lerner at Mr. Winston’s condominium the morning of the incident were admitted over a 4 timely objection to authenticity and identification. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2014), states: Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
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Vaughan v. Broward Gen. Med. Ctr., 105 So. 3d 569 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 2012 WL 6602797, 2012 Fla. App. LEXIS 21759

...tion.” The provision allows the admission of specified medical reports without the necessity of calling the medical record custodian if “proper motion’’ is made .... Charles W. Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence § 103.8 (2011 ed.) (emphasis added). Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2011), states, “Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
...e rules of evidence. Amos v. Gartner, Inc., 17 So.3d 829, 833 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009) (citing Martin Marietta Corp. v. Roop, 566 So.2d 40, 42 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990)). Authentication of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. See § 90.901, Fla....
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State v. Holland, 76 So. 3d 1032 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2011 Fla. App. LEXIS 19926, 2011 WL 6183512

...Finally, we turn to whether the videotape was properly authenticated through the testimony of the deputy who conducted the initial traffic stop. Because the trial court held that the videotape was inadmissible under Crawford , the court never determined whether the State properly authenticated the videotape under section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2010) (“Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
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Kendria Walker v. Tayla Harley-anderson (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2020).

Published | District Court of Appeal of Florida

798 So. 2d 870, 874 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001). Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2019) provides: “[a]uthentication
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State of Florida v. Jorge Torres (Fla. 4th DCA 2020).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal

...“Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. The requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Jeremiah Eugene Beazley v. State of Florida, 148 So. 3d 552 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014).

Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal

...Beazley argues the pills, regardless of whether they were shown to be controlled substances or not, were rendered inadmissible by virtue of the tampering committed by the FDLE analyst. Evidence for which there is some indication of probable tampering is inadmissible, notes Beazley. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Bush v. State, 992 So. 2d 412 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2008 Fla. App. LEXIS 15921

PER CURIAM. Affirmed. § 90.901, Fla....
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Dyck-o'neal, Inc. v. Rudolph Herman (Fla. 4th DCA 2020).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal

...ice through the issuance of the 1099. Additionally, Your Honor, it’s my contention, like I said – and I know that Your Honor has made his ruling but – but Your Honor, it’s also my contention that pursuant to [section] 90.901[, Florida Statutes], the 1099 is unauthenticated....
...137 So. 3d at 499 (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted. Here, the circuit court erred in relying on the dollar amounts contained in the 1099-A forms and the borrower’s statements that the property contained two units. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2019), provides: “Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
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Clark v. State, 170 So. 3d 69 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015).

Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 2015 Fla. App. LEXIS 8188, 2015 WL 2458128

...However, the solu *72 tion to the problem exists in section 34.017(1), Florida Statutes (2014); 5 not through a second-tier certiorari proceeding. See Stilson, 692 So.2d at 983 . PETITION DENIED. ORFINGER, EVANDER, and ' LAMBERT, JJ., concur. . See § 90.901, Fla....
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Jacksonville Elec. Auth. v. Dep't of Revenue, 486 So. 2d 1350 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1986).

Published | District Court of Appeal of Florida | 11 Fla. L. Weekly 760, 1986 Fla. App. LEXIS 7057

...racter of legislative proceedings and require close scrutiny by the factfinder under chapter 90, Florida Statutes. 10 Public records and reports are admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule, section 90.-803(8), provided they are authenticated, section 90.901, by a custodian, sections 90.-902(4) and 90.955....
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D. W. v. State of Florida (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2024).

Published | District Court of Appeal of Florida

condition precedent to its admissibility." § 90.901. Although "authentication for the purpose
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R.l.g., a Juv. v. The State of Florida (Fla. 3d DCA 2021).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

...18 Finally, although GPS data from a monitoring device is not hearsay and therefore should not be admitted under the business records hearsay exception, “[a]uthentication or identification . . . is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility.” 19 See § 90.901, Fla....
...from information transmitted by a person with knowledge; (3) was kept in the ordinary course of a regularly conducted business activity; and (4) that it was a regular practice of that business to make such a record.”) with State v. Love, 691 So. 2d 620, 621 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997) (“Section 90.901....
...30 is “satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Id. Thus, if R.LG. doubted the reliability of the GPS alerts, he could have challenged their admissibility pursuant to section 90.901. However, that was not done in this case. Because the only issue before this court is whether the GPS alerts generated by a monitoring device are hearsay and not whether they were properly authenticated pursuant to section 90.901, I would affirm without further discussion of the authentication issue. In conclusion, I would hold that the GPS alerts were not hearsay and were thus properly considered by the trial court, and therefore, there was competent substantial evidence to support the trial court’s order finding R.L.G....
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Aldrin Gomez-Martinez v. the State of Florida (Fla. 3d DCA 2025).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

...authenticated by a witness who participated in the recorded phone call or otherwise heard the conversation live and testifies that the recording accurately reflects the conversation. We respectfully but firmly decline to adopt such a holding. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2023), provides that “[a]uthentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
...operating properly, (2) the device was operated in a proper manner, (3) the recording was accurate, and (4) the voices of the persons speaking were 1 Because the Florida Evidence Code is modeled after the Federal Rules of Evidence—and specifically because Section 90.901 of the Florida Evidence Code is modeled after Federal Rule of Evidence 901—it is proper for this Court to consider federal courts’ interpretations of Rule 901 when interpreting Section 90.901....
...3d 647, 650 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013) (quoting Jackson v. State, 979 So. 2d 1153, 1155 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008)). “With regards to the admission of audio recordings,” however, “‘there [is] no specific list of requirements’ to determine compliance with section 90.901.” Santana v....
...audio recordings because in the prior sentence, the court clearly noted there are multiple ways to authenticate audio recordings, stating: “With regards to the admission of audio recordings, ‘there [is] no specific list of requirements’ to determine compliance with section 90.901.” Id....
...e authenticated by circumstantial evidence. 16 This is painting with too broad a brush. We see no basis for this exception in the language adopted by the Legislature in requiring authentication. See § 90.901, Fla....
...The State of Florida Case No. 3D23-1853 GOODEN, J., dissenting. I must respectfully dissent. While the threshold for authentication is low, I do not believe that hurdle was crossed under these facts. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes, states that authentication is “satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Cortinas v. State, 91 So. 3d 903 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2012 Fla. App. LEXIS 10798, 2012 WL 2579535

...unable to determine if terms discussed in taped SAA were incorporated into the plea entered before the court). As this court pointed out in Oquendo , absent a stipulation, the tape would have to be authenticated as a true representation of the SAA. § 90.901, Fla....
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Tutor Time Child Care/Learning Centers v. Patterson, 91 So. 3d 264 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012).

Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 2012 WL 2545274, 2012 Fla. App. LEXIS 10685

...In this workers’ compensation appeal, the employer/carrier (E/C) argues the *265 Judge of Compensation Claims (JCC) erred by: (1) determining that section 440.29(4), Florida Statutes (2008), was not only a business records exception to the hearsay rule under section 90.803(6), Florida Statutes, but also an exception to the section 90.901, Florida Statutes, rule requiring documents be authenticated; (2) failing to require Claimant to prove that her subsequent workplace accident did not break the chain of causation; (3) barring cross-examination of Claimant concerning her choice of treatment regimens; and (4) awarding attorney’s fees and costs....
...1st DCA 1997) (reversing JCC’s receipt into evidence, over claimant’s objection, of medical narrative and addendum created for purposes of litigation, because they fell outside scope of section 440.29(4)). Thus, these records are readily available to E/C’s. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2008), states, “[ajuthentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility....
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State v. Wilburn, 93 So. 3d 1115 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2012 WL 3023163, 2012 Fla. App. LEXIS 12097

...al court’s factual findings but review legal conclusions de novo. Woods v. State, 25 So.3d 669, 670 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010). We begin with whether the State failed to authenticate the consent form in order for it to be properly admitted into evidence. Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2010), provides “[ajuthentication ......
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City of Miami Gardens, Etc. v. City of North Miami Beach, Etc. (Fla. 3d DCA 2022).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

... engage in fact-finding on a motion to dismiss. Chodorow v. Porto Vita, Ltd., 954 So. 2d 1240, 1242 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007). And because the letter was not supported by affidavit or testimony, was unsworn to, or otherwise authenticated, it is not admissible as evidence. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Cynthia L. Jackson v. Household Fin. Corp. III (Fla. 2020).

Published | Supreme Court of Florida

” which we read as an objection based upon section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2014) (“Authentication or
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L. T. v. State of Florida (Fla. 1st DCA 2016).

Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal

...damaging” to Appellant, the trial court ultimately found that Appellant committed affray by relying almost exclusively on what it saw in the video. Because the State failed to authenticate the video, we reverse the order on appeal and remand for further proceedings. See § 90.901, Fla....
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L.T. v. State, 183 So. 3d 472 (Fla. 1st DCA 2016).

Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 2016 Fla. App. LEXIS 699, 2016 WL 231730

...t, the trial court ultimately found that Appellant committed affray by relying almost exclusively on what it saw in the video. Because the State failed to authenticate the video, we reverse the order on appeal and remand for further proceedings. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Mishelle Addys Perdomo Vindel v. Scott Aron Stewart (Fla. 3d DCA 2024).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

...Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. The requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims. § 90.901, Fla....
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R.V., a Juv. v. The State of Florida (Fla. 3d DCA 2024).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

...State, 884 So. 2d 83, 84 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004). ANALYSIS The Florida Evidence Code states that “[a]uthentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Alana Koerber v. State of Florida (Fla. 4th DCA 2024).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal

...Defendant objected to the still photos’ admission, arguing that the State failed to sufficiently authenticate the photos. I agree and would reverse for lack of proper authentication. “Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Mack v. State, 106 So. 3d 1011 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2013 WL 616417, 2013 Fla. App. LEXIS 2603

...to be. See Daniels v. State, 634 So.2d 187, 192 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994) (citing Justus v. State, 438 So.2d 358, 365 (Fla.1983)). Affirmed. . The two most directly affected witnesses immediately identified the defendant from photo lineups and in court. . Section 90.901, Florida Statutes (2010), requires the authentication or identification of a document prior to its admission into evidence....
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O'Leary v. USA Waste Mgmt., 863 So. 2d 367 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003).

Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 2003 Fla. App. LEXIS 18677, 2003 WL 22880497

...da Statutes, and being disqualified from receiving benefits pursuant to section 440.09(4), Florida Statutes. In making this finding the judge relied on a recorded statement which was not confirmed on this record as being properly authenticated under section 90.901, Florida Statutes....
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Harris v. State of Florida (Fla. 1st DCA 2024).

Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal

...Mullens v. State, 197 So. 3d 16, 25 (Fla. 2016). The requirement that evidence be authenticated as a condition of its admissibility is “satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that a matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Nimer Abdallah v. The State of Florida (Fla. 3d DCA 2021).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

...2016). 25 “Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. The requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....
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Lavar Monte Thompson v. State of Florida, 253 So. 3d 684 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2018).

Published | District Court of Appeal of Florida

as a condition precedent to its admissibility.” § 90.901, Fla. Stat. (2016). A litigant can satisfy this
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D.J. v. State, 67 So. 3d 1191 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

...D.J. appeals from an adjudication of delinquency claiming that the court below *1192 erred in admitting his school attendance record into evidence. While we agree that the court below erred in admitting this evidence without proper authentication, see § 90.901, Fla....
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DJ v. State, 67 So. 3d 1191 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2011 WL 3687427

...D.J. appeals from an adjudication of delinquency claiming that the court below *1192 erred in admitting his school attendance record into evidence. While we agree that the court below erred in admitting this evidence without proper authentication, see § 90.901, Fla....
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Perez v. State, 698 So. 2d 367 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997).

Published | District Court of Appeal of Florida | 1997 WL 476106

...He further testified that he believed that the transcription was accurate. The secretary testified that she took the tape and accurately transcribed what she heard on it. We believe that this testimony meets the test of authentication as set out in section 90.901, Florida Statutes, and was sufficient, if believed by the jury, to show that “the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” The relevant portion of the statement is as follows: Q....
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The Warwick Corp. v. Landmark Am. Ins. Co. (Fla. 4th DCA 2017).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal

...An outside document may be incorporated by reference into a contract. See BGT Grp., Inc. v. Tradewinds Engine Servs., LLC, 62 So. 3d 1192, 1194 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011). This outside document must be authenticated, and authenticity is a question of fact. See § 90.901, Fla....
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Rico Johnson v. State, 215 So. 3d 644 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017).

Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 2017 WL 1304954, 2017 Fla. App. LEXIS 4776

...State, 147 So.3d 537, 542-43 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (where detective was in no better position to view and interpret poor-quality video, admission of opinion testimony invaded province of jury). We begin our analysis of Evans by emphasizing that it is not premised on section 90.901, Florida Statutes, which addresses the requirement of authentication that an item offered into evidence is what its proponent claims....
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Taide Wiston Asencio, Jr. v. State of Florida, 244 So. 3d 294 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal

...2007). “Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a condition precedent to its admissibility. The requirements of this section are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in 3 question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla....

This Florida statute resource is curated by Graham W. Syfert, Esq., a Jacksonville, Florida personal injury and workers' compensation attorney. For legal consultation, call 904-383-7448.