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Florida Statute 101.151 - Full Text and Legal Analysis
Florida Statute 101.151 | Lawyer Caselaw & Research
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The 2025 Florida Statutes

Title IX
ELECTORS AND ELECTIONS
Chapter 101
VOTING METHODS AND PROCEDURE
View Entire Chapter
101.151 Specifications for ballots.
(1)(a) Marksense ballots shall be printed on paper of such thickness that the printing cannot be distinguished from the back and shall meet the specifications of the voting system that will be used to tabulate the ballots.
(b) Polling places and early voting sites may employ a ballot-on-demand production system to print individual marksense ballots, including provisional ballots, for eligible electors. Ballot-on-demand technology may be used to produce marksense vote-by-mail and election-day ballots.
(2)(a) The ballot must include the following office titles above the names of the candidates for the respective offices in the following order:
1. The office titles of President and Vice President above the names of the candidates for President and Vice President of the United States nominated by the political party that received the highest vote for Governor in the last general election of the Governor in this state, followed by the names of other candidates for President and Vice President of the United States who have been properly nominated.
2. The office titles of United States Senator and Representative in Congress.
3. The office titles of Governor and Lieutenant Governor; Attorney General; Chief Financial Officer; Commissioner of Agriculture; State Attorney, with the applicable judicial circuit; and Public Defender, with the applicable judicial circuit.
4. The office titles of State Senator and State Representative, with the applicable district for the office printed beneath.
5. The office titles of Clerk of the Circuit Court or, when the Clerk of the Circuit Court also serves as the County Comptroller, Clerk of the Circuit Court and Comptroller, when authorized by law; Clerk of the County Court, when authorized by law; Sheriff; Property Appraiser; Tax Collector; District Superintendent of Schools; and Supervisor of Elections.
6. The office titles of Board of County Commissioners, with the applicable district printed beneath each office, and such other county and district offices as are involved in the election, in the order fixed by the Department of State, followed, in the year of their election, by “Party Offices,” and thereunder the offices of state and county party executive committee members.
(b) In a general election, in addition to the names printed on the ballot, a blank space shall be provided under each office for which a write-in candidate has qualified. With respect to write-in candidates, if two or more candidates are seeking election to one office, only one blank space shall be provided.
(c) When more than one candidate is nominated for office, the candidates for such office shall qualify and run in a group or district, and the group or district number shall be printed beneath the name of the office. Each nominee of a political party chosen in a primary shall appear on the general election ballot in the same numbered group or district as on the primary election ballot.
(d) If in any election all the offices as set forth in paragraph (a) are not involved, those offices not to be filled shall be omitted and the remaining offices shall be arranged on the ballot in the order named.
(3)(a) The names of the candidates of the party that received the highest number of votes for Governor in the last election in which a Governor was elected shall be placed first for each office on the general election ballot, together with an appropriate abbreviation of the party name; the names of the candidates of the party that received the second highest vote for Governor shall be placed second for each office, together with an appropriate abbreviation of the party name.
(b) Minor political party candidates shall have their names appear on the general election ballot following the names of recognized political parties, in the same order as they were qualified, followed by the names of candidates with no party affiliation, in the order as they were qualified.
(4)(a) The names of candidates for each office shall be arranged alphabetically as to surnames on a primary election ballot.
(b) When two or more candidates running for the same office on an election ballot have the same or a similar surname, the word “incumbent” must appear next to the incumbent’s name.
(5) The primary election ballot shall be arranged so that the offices of Governor and Lieutenant Governor are joined in a single voting space to allow each elector to cast a single vote for the joint candidacies for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, if applicable.
(6) The general election ballot shall be arranged so that the offices of President and Vice President are joined in a single voting space to allow each elector to cast a single vote for the joint candidacies for President and Vice President and so that the offices of Governor and Lieutenant Governor are joined in a single voting space to allow each elector to cast a single vote for the joint candidacies for Governor and Lieutenant Governor.
(7) Except for justices or judges seeking retention, the names of unopposed candidates shall not appear on the general election ballot. Each unopposed candidate shall be deemed to have voted for himself or herself.
(8) In counties subject to multi-language ballot requirements, the supervisor may petition the United States Department of Justice for authorization for the supervisor to print and deliver single-language ballots for each minority language required.
(9)(a) The Department of State shall adopt rules prescribing a uniform primary and general election ballot for each certified voting system. The rules shall incorporate the requirements set forth in this section and shall prescribe additional matters and forms that include, without limitation:
1. The ballot title followed by clear and unambiguous ballot instructions and directions limited to a single location on the ballot, either:
a. Centered across the top of the ballot; or
b. In the leftmost column, with no individual races in that column unless it is the only column on the ballot;
2. Individual race layout; and
3. Overall ballot layout.
(b) The rules must graphically depict a sample uniform primary and general election ballot form for each certified voting system.
History.s. 35, ch. 4328, 1895; GS 219; s. 1, ch. 5612, 1907; RGS 264; CGL 320; s. 5, ch. 17898, 1937; ss. 2, 3, ch. 25187, 1949; s. 5, ch. 26870, 1951; s. 3, ch. 29937, 1955; s. 1, ch. 57-235; s. 2, ch. 59-334; s. 1, ch. 65-52; s. 2, ch. 65-60; s. 8, ch. 65-380; s. 4, ch. 67-386; ss. 10, 35, ch. 69-106; s. 8, ch. 69-281; s. 1, ch. 69-380; s. 37, ch. 73-333; s. 1, ch. 77-102; s. 13, ch. 77-175; s. 33, ch. 79-400; s. 6, ch. 81-105; s. 11, ch. 81-304; s. 9, ch. 82-143; s. 20, ch. 89-338; s. 556, ch. 95-147; s. 14, ch. 99-318; s. 11, ch. 99-326; s. 14, ch. 99-355; s. 7, ch. 2001-40; s. 7, ch. 2002-17; s. 29, ch. 2005-277; s. 5, ch. 2007-30; s. 28, ch. 2011-40; s. 5, ch. 2013-57; s. 6, ch. 2013-109; s. 10, ch. 2016-37; s. 9, ch. 2019-162; s. 17, ch. 2022-73; s. 23, ch. 2023-120.
Note.Former ss. 99.18, 99.171.

F.S. 101.151 on Google Scholar

F.S. 101.151 on CourtListener

Amendments to 101.151


Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases Citing Statute 101.151

Total Results: 14  |  Sort by: Relevance  |  Newest First

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Jenkins v. State, 385 So. 2d 1356 (Fla. 1980).

Cited 61 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida

...Hopefully, this special election would create interest in the voting populace because it was a special presidential primary election in which a popular homestead amendment giving tax relief would also be considered. The substance of the amendment to be placed on the ballot (section 101.151, Florida Statutes), was as follows: "An amendment to the State Constitution to modify the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court." Justices of the Court and others attempted to explain the contents of the proposed amendment to the public, and there were many discussions....
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Martinez v. Bush, 234 F. Supp. 2d 1275 (S.D. Fla. 2002).

Cited 14 times | Published | District Court, S.D. Florida | 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23448, 2002 WL 31740366

...If an election is uncontested—that is, if there is only one candidate whose name would appear on the ballot and no write-in candidates have qualified—the race does not even appear on the ballot; the single candidate is deemed to have prevailed. See Fla. Stat. § 101.151(7) (2001)....
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Browning v. Sarasota All., 968 So. 2d 637 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007).

Cited 8 times | Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal | 2007 WL 3170111

....698). Section 101.051 outlines the procedures to handle electors' requests for assistance with ballots. Section 101.111 sets forth the procedures to challenge a person's right to vote. Section 101.131 provides directives for poll watchers' conduct. Section 101.151 provides instructions regarding the content and style of ballots....
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Atl. Gulf Communities Corp. v. City of Port St. Lucie, 764 So. 2d 14 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999).

Cited 5 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 1999 WL 123532

...s only to subsection (3) of section 403.0893, and not to subsections (1) and (2). Nikolits is distinguishable since it deals with language included in one section of a statute (section 101.141, Florida Statutes) that is omitted from another section (section 101.151, Florida Statutes) and not with the wording of two subsections of the same statutory section....
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Nikolits v. Nicosia, 682 So. 2d 663 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996).

Cited 4 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 1996 WL 637447

...the incumbent's name." However, the specifications for the general election ballot, which parallel the primary ballot specifications in most respects, contain no authorization for the designation of "incumbent" on the ballot under any circumstance. § 101.151, Fla....
...on. The oral rulings were incorporated by reference in the temporary injunction. As we concur in the trial court's reasoning, we set forth the oral ruling: Historically, the legislature has indicated its obvious recognition that Statutes 101.141 and 101.151 are a part of the same statutory scheme; and they have been amended and revised repeatedly over the years together....
...of The Florida Statutes, and included in that amendment the express provision that allowed the word, "incumbent," to be printed next to an incumbent's name in a primary election. The legislature chose not to make that same amendment with respect to Section 101.151, dealing with general elections....
...If you examine the further revisions to these statutes in 1973: Chapter 73-333, The Laws of Florida; Chapter 77-101 of The Laws of Florida; Chapter 77-175 of The Laws of Florida; Chapter 79-400 of The Laws of Florida; and Chapter 89-338 of The Laws of Florida; the legislature again amended both 101.141 and 101.151 in the same statutes at the same time....
...r section of the same act, it should not be implied where it is excluded. This is one statutory scheme, and it appears to me that the legislature understands how to amend the statutes, both of them, when it chooses to do so. And the failure to amend Section 101.151 was an indication that the same right or remedy or discretion, relative to the Supervisor of Elections and the use of the word "incumbent," was not intended to be used during the general election....
...state agency to which deference of this Court should be given, in the same sense as a formal opinion of a legislative executive branch interpreting [the application of] the statute. Also I note whatever discretion is authorized under Subsection 8 of 101.151, [1] those criteria were not met here....
...We disagree with the Assistant General Counsel that the ballot statutes are directory only. Moreover, even if they are directory only, it is the department, and not every Supervisor of Elections in each of the 67 counties of the state, which may prescribe additional matter or forms of ballots. See § 101.151(8). The opinion of the Assistant General Counsel that discretion is left to the individual supervisor of elections regarding language which may appear on a ballot is contrary to section 101.151(8) and to achieving uniformity in interpretation and operation of the election laws. See § 97.012(1), Fla. Stat. (1995). For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the temporary injunction entered by the trial court. GLICKSTEIN and POLEN, JJ., concur. NOTES [1] Section 101.151(8) provides: Should the above directions for complete preparation of the ballot be insufficient, the Department of State shall determine and prescribe any additional matter or form....
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Smith v. Smathers, 372 So. 2d 427 (Fla. 1979).

Cited 4 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida

...On October 30, 1978, we denied relief but reserved jurisdiction to enter a full opinion on the issue presented. In the congressional race in issue in these proceedings, only one candidate, William Lehman, qualified, and his name was not on the ballot because he was unopposed. See § 101.151(6), Fla....
...of the election of their desire to be a candidate. If the candidate was qualified, a blank space would appear on the ballot underneath the names of any other candidates for the office. This procedure was described in Sections 99.023, 101.011(2), and 101.151(5)(a), (b), Florida Statutes *429 (1975), and was approved by this Court in Pasco v....
...olates Article VI, Section 1, of the Florida Constitution. We also hold that Sections 13 and 66 of Chapter 77-175, Laws of Florida, are invalid only to the extent they repeal the writein voting procedure contained in Sections 99.023, 101.011(2), and 101.151(5)(a), (b), Florida Statutes (1975)....
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Jennifer Brinkmann v. Tyron Francois, etc., 184 So. 3d 504 (Fla. 2016).

Cited 2 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 41 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 25, 2016 Fla. LEXIS 235, 2016 WL 454041

...candidates, whether write-in candidates or party-supported candidates, “the candidate [is deemed] to have voted for himself or herself” and thus “the names of [the] unopposed candidates shall not appear on the general election ballot.” Fla. Stat. § 101.151(7)....
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Orange Cnty., Florida v. Rick Singh, etc., 268 So. 3d 668 (Fla. 2019).

Cited 1 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida

...97.012(1), Fla. Stat. (2018). The Florida Election Code generally contemplates partisan elections. 4 In other words, candidates nominated by political parties in the primary election are to appear on the general election ballot for most offices. See § 101.151(2)(c), Fla....
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Nancy Carola Jacobsen v. Florida Sec'y of State (11th Cir. 2020).

Published | Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

Laws 871 (originally codified at Fla. Stat. § 101.151(4) (1951)). The statute requires the candidate
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Michael Polelle v. Florida Sec'y of State (11th Cir. 2025).

Published | Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

Argued: Oct 11, 2024

second.” Id. at 1242 (citing Fla. Stat. § 101.151(3)(a)). The plaintiffs argued that this arrangement
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Lacasa v. Townsley, 883 F. Supp. 2d 1231 (S.D. Fla. 2012).

Published | District Court, S.D. Florida | 2012 WL 3276965, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 113090

appear on the general election ballot.” Fla. Stat. § 101.151(7). It is this type of primary that is, by definition
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Orange Cnty., Florida v. Rick Singh, etc. (Fla. 2019).

Published | Supreme Court of Florida

...laws.” § 97.012(1), Fla. Stat. (2018). The Florida Election Code generally contemplates partisan elections. 6 In other words, candidates nominated by political parties in the primary election are to appear on the general election ballot for most offices. See § 101.151(2)(c), Fla. Stat....
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Ago (Fla. Att'y Gen. 1985).

Published | Florida Attorney General Reports

and circuit judges as such state officers. Section 101.151(3)(a), F.S., requires the names of candidates
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Nancy Carola Jacobsen v. Florida Sec'y of State (11th Cir. 2020).

Published | Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

...BACKGROUND As part of a comprehensive revision to the election code, the Florida Legislature enacted a statute in 1951 that governs the order in which candidates appear on the ballot in general elections. 1951 Fla. Laws 871 (originally codified at Fla. Stat. § 101.151(4) (1951)). The statute requires the candidate of the party that won the last gubernatorial election to appear first beneath each office listed on the ballot, with the candidate of the second-place party appearing second. Fla. Stat. § 101.151(3)(a)....
...and, quite frankly, in the Northern District of Florida we have not succeeded . . . .”). So our ruling today is consistent with the Secretary’s longstanding view about the scope of her powers. The partial dissent next contends that the Secretary’s authority to prescribe rules about ballot layout, Fla. Stat. § 101.151(9)(a), and to provide written direction to the Supervisors, id....
...at 80–81, 88, but we again do not see how. Florida law already directs the Supervisors to place candidates on the ballot in the order “provided by law,” Fla. Stat. § 99.121—that is, in the order prescribed by the ballot statute, see id. § 101.151(3)(a)....
...at 181–83. Today, states continue to use different methods to order their ballots. Some states, like Florida, determine ballot order based on the results of the last election for Governor or another state office. Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 16-502(E); Conn. Gen. Stat. § 9-249a(a); Fla. Stat. § 101.151(3)(a); Ga....
...Secretary of State to challenge as unconstitutional the state statute governing ballot ordering in general elections. Florida law requires the names of candidates from the governor’s party to be listed first for each office on the general election ballot. See Fla. Stat. § 101.151(3)(a)....
...s regard. The first provision the majority opinion largely overlooks is the one in which the Florida Legislature charges the Department of State with “adopt[ing] rules prescribing a uniform primary and general election ballot.” See id. § 101.151(9)(a). These rules must incorporate the requirements of § 101.151— which includes the ballot-order scheme in subsection (3)(a)—and may “prescribe additional matters” including rules governing “[i]ndividual race layout.” See id. § 101.151(9)(a). Among other things, the Department’s “rules must graphically depict a sample . . . general election ballot form.” Id. § 101.151(9)(b)....
...Now, redressability: A hypothetical injury arising from the challenged law would have been redressed by the district court’s injunction, which, among other things, directed the Secretary of State not to “enforce . . . the ballot order scheme described in section 101.151(3)(a).” Doc....
...oversees how county election supervisors carry out their duties, all in fulfilling her responsibility (hers alone) to maintain uniformity in the interpretation and implementation of the Code throughout the state. See Fla. Stat. §§ 97.012(1), (14), (16); 101.151(9)....
...§ 97.012; is instructed by statute to “obtain and maintain uniformity in the interpretation and implementation” of Florida’s Election Code, id. § 97.012(1); and is empowered by statute to promulgate rules to implement the statute in questions, id. § 101.151(9)....

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